Open vs closed.
Which task. Which model.

Generates novel hypotheses; solves open research problems; produces work that could advance a field.

• · Proposes and tests original research hypotheses not in the training corpus
• · Identifies unsolved problems at the edge of a scientific field
• · Writes grant proposals reviewers cannot distinguish from expert submissions
• · Writes poetry with genuine stylistic innovation, not imitation of any existing poet

Systematic expert-level analysis across multiple disciplines. Current world ceiling, Claude Fable 5 scores 60 (Opus 4.8, the top available model, scores 56).

• · Identifies factual errors and methodological flaws in published papers
• · Synthesizes across unrelated disciplines to surface non-obvious connections
• · Produces research-quality writing that could pass peer review
• · Writes poetry with genuine literary merit a reviewer could attribute to a published poet

Tackles novel research questions; comparable to a junior faculty member in a specialized domain.

• · Identifies gaps in existing literature and proposes studies to fill them
• · Produces publishable draft sections of a scientific paper
• · Reviews code and identifies subtle algorithmic inefficiencies across a large codebase
• · Writes a poem using meter, imagery, and controlling conceit in a unified way

Domain expertise applied to messy, real-world inputs, the ambiguity professionals encounter daily.

• · Identifies subtle contradictions spread across a 50-page contract
• · Writes a technically accurate oncology referral letter directly from raw visit notes
• · Flags methodological problems in a clinical trial design narrative
• · Writes an original sonnet with correct meter and a genuine emotional argument

Synthesizes research across papers; writes production code; handles structured professional tasks.

• · Reads five research papers and synthesizes their conclusions into a coherent argument
• · Builds a working REST API from a spec without scaffolding
• · Identifies clause-level issues in a standard commercial contract
• · Drafts a clinical SOAP note from a visit transcript
• · Analyzes poetic technique using critical theory vocabulary

Competent at structured academic tasks; writes functional code; reasons across a single domain.

• · Writes a literature review with accurate citations and a coherent argument
• · Debugs moderately complex code across multiple files
• · Drafts a business proposal with coherent financial rationale
• · Writes a structured legal argument at a 1L level
• · Writes a sonnet with correct rhyme scheme, iambic meter, and a volta

Handles multi-step reasoning; writes functional short programs; analyzes texts with modest depth.

• · Writes a short story with a plot arc and character motivation
• · Writes a Python script to parse a CSV and compute descriptive statistics
• · Analyzes a poem's structure, imagery, and central theme
• · Solves introductory chemistry and physics word problems

Competent at summarization and basic writing; simple code; single-step reasoning.

• · Summarizes a newspaper article with accurate main points
• · Writes a 5-paragraph essay with a clear thesis and supporting paragraphs
• · Writes a loop and handles basic I/O in Python
• · Writes a rhyming poem on a given topic (ABAB scheme)

Handles simple factual questions and basic instructions; limited on multi-step or abstract tasks.

• · Answers simple factual questions ("What is the capital of France?")
• · Follows basic instructions, translate a phrase, fill in a blank
• · Writes a few sentences about a familiar topic
• · Writes a simple rhyming couplet